PKC-δ inhibitors sustain self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells under hypoxia in vitro

Under hypoxia, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) lose their self-renewal activity and display an early differentiated morphology mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Previous studies have demonstrated that PKC-δ is activated by hypoxia and increases the protein stability and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in human cancer cells. Furthermore, activation of PKC-δ mediates cardiac differentiation of ESCs and hematopoietic stem cells. However, the role of PKC-δ in hypoxia-induced early differentiation of mESCs remains largely unknown. Here, we show the inhibition of PKC-δ activity prevents the early differentiation of mESCs under hypoxia using PKC-δ inhibitors, GF 109203X and rottlerin. Reduction of PKC-δ activity under hypoxia effectively decreased HIF-1α protein levels and substantially recovered the expression of LIF-specific receptor (LIFR) and phosphorylated-STAT3 in mESCs. Furthermore, PKC-δ in-hibitors aid to sustain the expression of self-renewal markers and suppress the expression of early differentiation markers in mESCs under hypoxia. Taken together, these results suggest that PKC-δ inhibitors block the early differentiation of mESCs via destabilization of HIF-1α under hypoxia.